中国大气成分卫星遥感的发展与应用
Development and Application of Satellite Remote Sensing for Atmospheric Compositions in China
中文摘要：
大气成分（ACs）影响着大气圈与其他圈层的相互作用。卫星遥感的全球观测能力在大气成分监测方面发挥着独一无二的作用。我国从20世纪70年代开始实施风云气象卫星等遥感卫星计划。从1988年第一颗气象卫星发射经过了二十年的探索和积累，2008年风云三号A星的成功发射实现我国自主卫星大气成分探测零的突破。随后，我国成功实施了多个面向大气成分监测的科学探索和业务卫星计划，大大促进了卫星遥感在气溶胶颗粒物、痕量气体和温室气体监测领域的研究与应用。其中，极轨风云三号和静止风云四号两大系列业务卫星搭载的成像仪以及高分五号和大气环境监测卫星等搭载的气溶胶偏振测量仪，分别提供了高空间覆盖和高时间分辨的气溶胶颗粒物观测。风云三号系列业务卫星和高分五号科学试验卫星上搭载的高光谱探测仪实现了多种痕量气体的监测，而中国首颗全球大气二氧化碳科学试验卫星、风云三号D星和高分五号科学试验卫星先后实现了大气二氧化碳柱浓度的全球探测能力。同时，20世纪90年代以来，卫星大气成分遥感的地面真实性检验工作也取得了显著的进展。2022年4月我国刚刚发射成功的大气环境监测卫星，在全球首次搭载有二氧化碳探测的主动激光雷达，这将提供更高精度的大气二氧化碳和气溶胶颗粒物的观测资料，更好服务于我国大气环境治理和“双碳”战略目标。
中文关键词：
中国卫星，大气成分，气溶胶颗粒物，痕量气体，温室气体
KeyWords：
space mission of China, atmospheric compositions, aerosol particle, trace gases, greenhouse gases
Abstract：
The variations of atmospheric compositions (ACs) can interfere in the interaction between the atmosphere and the Earth’s other spheres. Satellite remote sensing plays a unique role in monitoring ACs by providing a matchless global perspective. Chinese remote sensing missions, including Chinese meteorological satellite mission namely Fengyun (FY) Satellite Programs, have been ongoing since 1970s. Twenty years after the first Fengyun satellite in 1988, the successful launch of FY-3A mission in 2008 marked a breakthrough of Chinese operational satellite missions for ACs monitoring. Since then, several operational satellite missions and pathfinders for ACs monitoring have been implemented, which have greatly promoted the research and application of satellite remote sensing for the measurement of aerosol particles, trace gases, and greenhouse gases (GHG). Among them, imagers including the moderate resolution ones onboard operational polar FY-3 and high-temporal ones onboard operational geostationary FY-4 missions, as well as the directional polarization imagers onboard Gaofen-5 (GF-5) series and Atmosphere Environment Monitoring Satellite (AEMS), provide aerosol observation data with high spatial coverage and high temporal resolution, respectively. A variety of trace gases can also be monitored by the nadir spectrographs onboard the FY-3 series and GF-5 series and AEMS. In addition, hyper-spectrometers onboard FY-3 series, GF-5 series, AEMS and pathfinder mission TANSat are used to map the global distribution of GHG, providing various products such as column concentration of carbon dioxide. Meanwhile, in-situ calibration and validation have made significant progress since the late 1990s, offering insight into the consistency of satellite and ground observations across China. Launched in April 2022, AEMS is the first mission for ACs monitoring that is equipped with an active lidar for carbon dioxide and aerosol monitoring. This novel observation will be able to improve the accuracy of space-borne observations on carbon dioxide and aerosol particles and better serve the national strategical goal of “carbon dioxide peaking and carbon neutrality”.