中国地面气象观测业务的发展历程与展望
Development and Prospect of Surface Meteorological Observations in China
中文摘要：
扼要回顾了中国地面气象观测站网发展、地面气象观测任务调整和技术升级历程。中国地面气象观测站网从1949年底的96个气象观测站，发展至2020年的约11000个国家级地面气象观测站和超过6万个省级地面气象观测站，基本形成了覆盖全国的地面气象观测站网。地面气象观测任务由人工观测逐渐转为自动化观测，在2020年4月1日全国所有台站全面实施自动化业务运行，包括气温、气压、湿度、风向、风速、降水等39项地面气象观测项目，极大地提升了观测效率、观测准确性和精度。最后，结合中国气象局关于着力提高中国气象综合监测的精密水平要求，提出了中国未来地面气象观测业务的优化方法和改进方向。
中文关键词：
中国，地面气象观测，站网布局，观测技术
KeyWords：
China, surface observation, observing network design, observing technique
Abstract：
This paper briefly reviews the development of surface meteorological observing station network in China, theadjustment of observing tasks as well as the upgrade of observation technology. The surface meteorological network, which was consisted of 96 stations in 1949, has been expanded at an enormous scale. In 2020, the network covers 11,000 nationallevel stations and over 60,000 provincial-level stations throughout the country. Moreover, the observing stations have gradually changed from manual to automatic. Since April 1st, 2020, automated observing systems have been fully implemented at all the stations over China, and the terms of automatic measurements have reached 39 atmospheric variables, including temperature, pressure, humidity, wind speed and direction, precipitation. Thus, the efficiency and accuracy of the observation have been greatly improved. Finally, the optimization methods and improvement direction for the future development of surface meteorological observations in China are proposed based on the requirements of China Meteorological Administration for improving the precision level of comprehensive meteorological monitoring in China.