中国大气本底观测：减污降碳背景下主要大气成分变化趋势
Atmospheric Background Observations in China: Trends of Major Atmospheric Components in the Background of Pollution and Carbon Reduction
中文摘要：
大气成分变化对天气气候、环境生态，以及人体健康、社会生活等都有重要影响。只有通过长期观测，了解这些大气成分的浓度水平、变化趋势、相关源汇过程，才能准确地评估人类活动对当前地球气候、环境和生态系统造成的影响，保护人类发展和生存条件。本文概括介绍了世界气象组织全球大气监测计划（WMO/GAW）和我国开展大气本底观测的发展历程，介绍了中国气象局大气本底站网建设与观测业务体系和运行情况，以及中国气象局大气本底观测在科学研究、政府决策、社会公众服务等各个领域发挥的重要的作用。进一步结合大气本底站观测的温室气体、颗粒物和O3的变化趋势和特点分析，阐述了大气本底观测对我国应对气候变化、大气污染治理和推进碳达峰、碳中和的重要意义。并对今后我国推动大气本底站建设，完善大气本底观测网络布局和运行保障体系，提升大气本底观测能力，拓展大气本底观测应用服务等提出建议。文章同时介绍了最新得到（截止到2020年）的大气本底站温室气体观测数据结果，显示青海瓦里关全球大气本底站长期大气CO2、CH4和N2O年平均浓度与北半球中纬度地区平均浓度相当，而6个区域大气本底站的CO2、CH4浓度水平均高于瓦里关站，反映了人类活动对区域大气本底浓度水平的重要贡献。
中文关键词：
大气本底观测，温室气体，碳达峰，碳中和，变化趋势
KeyWords：
atmospheric background observation, greenhouse gases, carbon emission peak, carbon neutrality, variation trend
Abstract：
The variation of atmospheric composition exerts an important impact on weather, climate, environmental ecology, human health and social life. Only through long-term observation and understanding of the concentration, variation trends and related source and sink processes of these atmospheric components we can accurately assess the impact of human activities on the current earth’s climate, environment and ecosystem, and protect human development and living conditions. In this paper, the development of atmospheric background observation in China and Global Atmospheric Watch of World Meteorological Organization (WMO/GAW), establishment and operation system of atmospheric background station network in China Meteorological Administration (CMA), as well as the important role that atmospheric background observation plays in scientific research, government policy making, social public services and other fields are introduced. In addition, based on the analysis on the variation trends and characteristics of greenhouse gases, particulate matter (PM) and O3 observed by atmospheric background station, the significance of atmospheric background observation in climate change, air pollution control, carbon emission peak and carbon neutrality in China is elaborated. At last, suggestions are put forward in promoting the construction, layout and operational system of atmospheric background stations, enhancing the capacity and expanding the application services of atmospheric background observation. The latest observation of greenhouse gases from atmospheric background station in China by 2020 show that the annual average concentrations of CO2, CH4 and N2O at the Global Atmospheric Background Station in Waliguan, Qinghai, are comparable to the average concentrations in the middle latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere, while the concentrations of CO2 and CH4 at the six regional atmospheric background stations are all higher than those at Waliguan Station, which reflects the important contribution of human activities to atmospheric composition at regional atmospheric background.