Ground-based Remote Sensing of Aerosol, Clouds, Dynamics, and Precipitation in Antarctica —First results from the one-year COALA campaign at Neumayer Station III in 2023
南极洲气溶胶、云、动力学和降水的地基遥感——2023年Neumayer III站为期一年的COALA活动的首次结果
Novel observations of aerosol and clouds by means of ground-based remote sensing have been performed in Antarctica over the Ekström ice shelf on the coast of Dronning Maud Land at Neumayer Station III (70.67°S, 8.27°W) from January to December 2023. The deployment of OCEANET-Atmosphere remote-sensing observatory in the framework of the Continuous Observations of Aerosol-cLoud interAction (COALA) campaign brought ACTRIS aerosol and cloud profiling capabilities next to meteorological and air chemistry in-situ observations at the Antarctic station. We present an overview of the site, the instrumental setup and data analysis strategy and introduce 3 scientific highlights from austral fall and winter, namely: 1. Observations of a persistent mixed-phase cloud embedded in a plume of marine aerosol. Remote-sensing-based retrievals of cloud-relevant aerosol properties and cloud microphysical parameters confirm that the free-tropospheric mixed phase cloud layer formed in an aerosol-limited environment. 2. Two extraordinary warm air intrusions. One with intense snowfall produced the equivalent of 10% of the yearly snow accumulation, a second one with record-breaking maximum temperatures and heavy icing due to supercooled drizzle. 3. Omnipresent aerosol layers in the stratosphere. Our profiling capabilities could show that 50% of the 500-nm aerosol optical depth of 0.06 was caused by stratospheric aerosol, while the troposphere was usually pristine. As demonstrated by these highlights, the one-year COALA observations will serve as a reference dataset for the vertical structure of aerosol and clouds above the region, enabling future observational and modeling studies to advance understanding of atmospheric processes in Antarctica..
2023年1月至12月，在南极的Neumayer站III(70.67°S, 8.27°W)的Dronning Maud Land海岸Ekström冰架上，利用地面遥感对气溶胶和云进行了新的观测。在“气溶胶-云相互作用连续观测”(COALA)活动框架内，部署海洋-大气遥感观测站，从而使ACTRIS的气溶胶和云剖面分析能力接近于在南极站进行的气象和空气化学湿地观测。
本文介绍了基地概况、仪器设置和数据分析策略，并给出南方秋冬季节的3个科学亮点：1.观测嵌入海洋气溶胶羽流中的持续混合相云。基于遥感的云相关气溶胶特性和云微物理参数的检索证实，自由对流层混合相云层是在气溶胶有限的环境中形成的。2. 两次异常的暖空气入侵。其中一次降雪量相当于全年降雪量的10%，另一次则出现了破纪录的最高气温和因过冷毛毛雨造成的严重结冰。3. 平流层中无所不在的气溶胶层。分析能力表明，0.06的500 nm气溶胶光学深度中有50%是由平流层气溶胶引起的，而对流层通常是原始的。正如这些重点显示的那样，一年的COALA观测将作为该地区上空气溶胶和云的垂直结构的参考数据集，使未来的观测和模拟研究能够促进对南极洲大气过程的了解。
延伸阅读：https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-22-0285.1
